“Viet Cong Tunnel: Lance Corporal Robert A. Bishop (Cincinnati, Ohio) explores a Viet Cong tunnel complex found by Leathernecks of the 2d Battalion, 26th Marines [2… 20% of Black males were combat soldiers, sailors, airmen and marines. U.S. Army and marine officers knew that promotions were largely based on confirmed kills. While turning his bus around, the driver ran over a Viet Cong land mine. The Army instigated myriad reforms, addressed issues of discrimination and prejudice from the post exchanges to the lack of black officers, and introduced "Mandatory Watch And Action Committees" into each unit. Lém was alleged to have murdered a general and seven members of his family before being captured. (The estimates for 1955–64 are much higher than other estimates). One of the most thorough studies found that American commanders exaggerated body counts by 100 percent. The wide disparity among the estimates cited below is partially explained by the different time periods of the Vietnam War covered by the studies and whether casualties in Cambodia and Laos were included in the estimates. According to the Information Bureau of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (PRG), between April 1968 and the end of 1970 American ground troops killed about 6,500 civilians in the course of twenty-one operations either on their own or alongside their allies. The origins of the Viet Cong begin with the Geneva Accords of 1954. Calculating U.S. American military and economic aid continued to pour into South Vietnam while American military and police advisers helped train and equip Diem’s army and security forces. The database also estimates combat deaths in Cambodia for the years 1967–75 to total 259,000. Accurate assessments of NV Army and Viet Cong losses, he wrote, were 'largely impossible due to lack of disclosure by the Vietnamese government, terrain, destruction of remains by firepower, and [inability] to confirm artillery and aerial kills.' [86] The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or suffer health problems due to Agent Orange exposure. The sum of those totals is 3,091,000 war deaths between 1955–75. [46][47] South Korean Marines purportedly conducted the Hà My massacre on 25 February 1968. Rummel estimates 212,000 killed by Khmer Rouge (1967–1975), 60,000 killed by U.S. and 1,000 killed by South Vietnam (1967–73). "Statistics of Vietnamese Democide", Lines 777–785, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTurse2013 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRummel1997 (, Marilyn Young. His wife, Nguyễn Thị Lốp, explained that his code name consisted of "Bảy" for a seventh son, and "Lốp" from her own name. By Spencer C. Tucker ", Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam, Viet Cong and People’s Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War, Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate, "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme", "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate", http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ucdp_prio_armed_conflict_dataset/, http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1B.GIF, https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DBG.TAB9.1.GIF, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a032189.pdf, Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century, Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century. [25] For official US military operations reports, there are no established distinctions between enemy KIA and civilian KIA, since body counts was a direct measure of operational success often caused US "operations reports" to list civilians killed as enemy KIA.